- 1. FOUNDATION DESIGN FOR THE BURJ KHALIFA, DUBAI – THE WORLD’S TALLEST BUILDINGHarry G. Poulos Grahame BunceCoffey Geotechnics Hyder Consulting (UK),Sydney, Australia. Guildford, UK
- 2. Introduction This paper describes the foundation design process adopted for the Burj Dubai, the world’s tallest building. The foundation system is a piled raft, founded on deep deposits of carbonate soils and rocks. The paper will outline the geotechnical investigations undertaken, the field and laboratory testing programs, and the design process, and will discuss how various design issues, including cyclic degradation of skin friction due to wind loading, were addressed.
- 3. Overview of the Project The Burj Dubai project in Dubai comprises the construction of an approximately 160 storey high rise tower, with a podium development around the base of the tower, including a 4-6 storey garage. It is founded on a 3.7m thick raft supported on bored piles, 1.5 m in diameter, extending approximately 50m below the base of the raft. The paper sets out how the various design issues were addressed, including ultimate capacity, overall stability under wind and seismic loadings, and the settlement and differential settlements.
- 4. Pictorial Description
- 5. Geotechnical Investigation andTesting Program The geotechnical investigation was carried out in four phases as follows: Phase 1 - 1st June to 23rd July 2003 Phase 2 – 7th August to 25th August 2003 Phase 3 – 16th September to 10th October 2003 Each of the above phases of investigation included : 1. Standard Penetration Test (SPT) 2. Pressuremeter Tests 3. Drilling of geophysical boreholes 4. Installation of standpipe Piezometers
- 6. Foundation Design An assessment of the foundations for the structure was carried out and it was clear that piled foundations would be appropriate for both the Tower and Podium construction. Tower piles were 1.5m diameter and 47.45m long with the tower raft founded at -7.55mDMD. The podium piles were 0.9m diameter and 30m long with the podium raft being founded at -4.85mDMD. The thickness of the raft was 3.7m. Loading was provided by SOM and comprised 8 load cases including four load cases for wind and four for seismic conditions.
- 7. Skeleton View of the Foundation
- 8. Overall Stability Assessment The minimum centre-to-centre spacing of the piles for the tower is 2.5 times the pile diameter. A check was therefore carried out to ensure that the Tower foundation was stable both vertically and laterally assuming that the foundation acts as a block comprising the piles and soil/rock. A factor of safety of just less than 2 was assessed for vertical block movement, excluding base resistance of the block while a factor of safety of greater than 2 was determined for lateral block movement excluding passive resistance. A factor of safety of approximately 5 was obtained against overturning of the block.
- 9. Plan of the Foundation
- 10. Other Aspects of the Foundation Laboratory Testing Geotechnical Conditions Liquefaction Assesment
- 11. Pile Load Testing Pile Load Testing 1. Static load tests on seven trial piles prior to foundation construction. 2. Static load tests on eight works piles, carried out during the foundation construction phase (i.e. On about 1% of the total number of piles constructed). In addition, dynamic pile testing was carried out on 10 of the works piles for the tower and 31 piles for the podium, i.e. On about 5% of the total works piles.
- 12. Conclusions from the Paper This paper has outlined the processes followed in the design of the foundations for the Burj Dubai and the independent verification of the design. A piled raft foundation system, with the piles socketed into weak rock, has been employed and the design of the foundation is found to be governed primarily by the tolerable settlement of the foundation rather than the overall allowable bearing capacity of the foundation.
- 13. Conclusions (cont..) The estimated maximum settlement of the tower foundation, calculated using the various analysis tools are in reasonable agreement, with predicted settlements of the tower ranging from 45mm to 62mm. The settlements measured during construction are consistent with, but smaller than, those predicted, and overall, the performance of the piled raft foundation system has exceeded expectations to date.
- 14. Actual Photograph of theFoundation
- 15. Presented By: VETRIVEL BE CIVIL.
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